What is the Tree of Heaven?
Widespread Invasive Species
The tree of heaven, known scientifically as Ailanthus altissima, is a deciduous tree that belongs to the Simaroubaceae family. It is also commonly referred to as the Chinese sumac, stink tree, or paradise tree. Here are some key characteristics and information about this species:
1. Origin and Distribution: The tree of heaven is native to China and northern Taiwan. However, it has been introduced to many other regions around the world, including North America, Europe, and Australia.
2. Size and Growth Habits: This tree can grow to be quite large, reaching heights of 40 to 80 feet (12 to 24 meters) tall. It has a spreading, open crown with a diameter of 30 to 50 feet (9 to 15 meters). The trunk is usually thick and rough, with gray-brown bark.
3. Leaves: The leaves of the tree of heaven are large, compound, and pinnate, measuring around 1 to 4 feet (30 to 120 cm) long. Each leaf is composed of 10 to 41 leaflets, arranged oppositely along a central stalk. The leaflets are lance-shaped with serrated edges and have a characteristic foul odor when crushed.
4. Flowers: In early summer, the tree of heaven produces small, yellowish-green flowers in panicles that can grow up to 2 feet (60 cm) long. The flowers are not particularly showy and have a distinct scent that is often compared to the stench of rotten peanuts or burnt rubber.
5. Fruits and Seeds: The female trees bear clusters of samaras, which are papery winged fruits that resemble keys or helicopters in shape. Each samara contains one seed and they are dispersed by the wind.
6. Growth Rate and Invasiveness: The tree of heaven is well-known for its rapid growth rate, making it a successful colonizer in various environments. It has a resilient nature and can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions, air pollution, and even drought. These traits, along with the ability to produce a large number of seeds, contribute to its aggressive invasiveness and potential to outcompete native plant species.
7. Cultural Uses: In some cultures, the tree of heaven has historical significance and has been used for various purposes. For instance, parts of the plant have been used in traditional Chinese medicine, while extracts from the bark and roots have been used for dyeing and tanning processes.
Despite its positive aspects, the tree of heaven is often considered invasive and unwanted, particularly in areas where it has been introduced outside its native range. Its ability to rapidly colonize disturbed areas and outcompete native species has led to it being classified as an invasive species in several countries.
Unveiling the Mystery of Moles
Nature's Hidden Treasure
Moles, these small underground creatures, have remained somewhat of a mystery to many of us. We may have seen the signs of their presence, like the raised tunnels in our gardens, but how much do we really know about these fascinating critters? In this blog, we will delve into the captivating world of moles and shed some light on their unique characteristics, behavior, and ecological importance.
First, let's debunk a common misconception about moles. Though often mistaken as rodents, moles are actually mammals belonging to the Talpidae family. With their cylindrical bodies, short fur, and paddle-like feet, moles are specifically adapted for a subterranean lifestyle. Their most distinctive feature, however, is undoubtedly their long, pointed snout, which houses an exceptional olfactory system.
Moles are renowned for their superb digging abilities, allowing them to create a network of intricate tunnels beneath the earth's surface. These networks serve various purposes, such as providing shelter, foraging for food, and even breeding. Moles are solitary creatures that spend most of their lives underground. Consequently, their eyes are often reduced in size and their vision is poor, as they have evolved to rely heavily on their other senses.
One of the most interesting facets of mole behavior is their feeding habits. Moles are insectivores, primarily consuming earthworms, grubs, and other small invertebrates found in the soil. Despite their small size, moles have quite the appetite, consuming more than their body weight in food each day. Their voracious appetite is essential in maintaining the health of the ecosystem, as moles help control populations of soil-dwelling pests that can be detrimental to plants and crops.
Furthermore, their subterranean tunnels also play a crucial role in soil health. As moles burrow through the ground, they aerate the soil, aiding in water absorption, root growth, and nutrient circulation. Their digging activity contributes to the turnover of organic matter, enriching the soil and fostering healthier plant life.
Though their underground lifestyle is primarily beneficial to the environment, it can sometimes cause issues for human activities. The raised tunnels and molehills can be a nuisance when they appear in gardens or agricultural land. However, it's essential to remember that moles are merely fulfilling their ecological role, and non-lethal solutions, such as diverting their tunnels or installing fencing, can help mitigate any conflicts.
In conclusion, moles may be elusive creatures, but they hold a crucial place in our ecosystem. Their remarkable digging abilities and feeding habits contribute to soil health and pest control, making them an integral part of nature's delicate balance. While their presence might occasionally inconvenience us, it's worth appreciating the wonders of these underground dwellers and the value they bring to our environment.
Next time you come across a molehill or a raised tunnel, take a moment to acknowledge these nature's hidden treasures and marvel at the fascinating world they inhabit.
Termites
Tiny Pests with a Surprisingly Fascinating World
Termites might not be the most glamorous creatures, but don't let their small size and unassuming appearance fool you. These tiny insects play a vital role in ecosystems worldwide and have a captivating social structure that rivals that of any other animal. In this blog, let's explore the fascinating world of termites, their ecological significance, and how they have managed to thrive for over 250 million years.
Evolution and Classification
Dating back to the rise of dinosaurs, termites have a long evolutionary history. Belonging to the order Blattodea, they are distant relatives of cockroaches and mantises and are divided into three families: Termitidae, Rhinotermitidae, and Kalotermitidae. Each family has unique characteristics and lifestyles, but all share one thing in common: their incredible ability to break down cellulose, found in plant material.
Social Structure and Castes
Termites are eusocial insects, meaning they live in highly organized colonies with a cooperative division of labor. The colony consists of different castes, each with specific roles and responsibilities. The reproductive caste includes the king and queen, responsible for reproduction. Soldiers, with their large jaws or chemical weaponry, protect the colony from threats. Workers, the most numerous castes, build and maintain the nest, forage for food, and care for the young.
Termites and Ecosystems
While termites might be considered pests in our homes, they play a crucial role in the environment. Termites are powerful decomposers, breaking down dead plant material and recycling nutrients back into the soil. Their digestion of cellulose, thanks to the help of microorganisms in their guts, allows them to exploit food sources that would be inaccessible to other organisms. Additionally, termites construct intricate nests that provide shelter for numerous plant and animal species, contributing to overall biodiversity.
Farming and Symbiotic Relationships
One of the most remarkable aspects of termite behavior is their ability to cultivate fungi. Certain termite species create "gardens" within their colonies, where they cultivate specific fungal species. These fungi break down the wood the termites collect, providing a valuable food source for the colony. In return, termites actively protect these gardens from other invasive fungi or pathogens, showing a complex symbiotic relationship that has developed over time.
Impacts on Human Life
While termites are integral to ecosystems, they can pose challenges when they invade human habitats. These tiny pests cause extensive damage to buildings and wooden structures, leading to significant financial losses. However, it is important to note that not all termites are destructive. In fact, some species help control the spread of invasive plants or reduce the risk of wildfires by breaking down dead vegetation.
Conclusion
Termites might not be the most glamorous creatures, but their existence and contributions are undeniable. From their remarkable social structure and symbiotic relationships to their crucial role as ecosystem engineers, termites have a complex and awe-inspiring world. Understanding and balancing their impacts on both natural and human environments is essential, as these tiny insects continue to shape and influence diverse ecosystems across the globe.
Uninvited Guests
A Sneak Peek into the World of Bedbugs
They are small, elusive, and incredibly resilient - bedbugs. Just hearing the name is enough to make your skin crawl. These infamous blood-sucking creatures have been a human nuisance for centuries, causing frustration, discomfort, and even psychological distress. In this blog, we will delve into the world of bedbugs, exploring their characteristics, habits, and most importantly, how to prevent and eradicate these unwelcome guests.
1. Bedbug Basics:
Bedbugs are small insects, typically around 5-7 mm long, oval-shaped, and reddish-brown in color. Contrary to popular belief, bedbugs are not confined to beds alone; they can infest various furniture, cracks, and crevices within the house. Though they do not transmit diseases, their bites can cause itching, allergic reactions, and in some rare cases, secondary infections.
2. Habits and Behavior:
Bedbugs are nocturnal creatures, coming out at night to feed on human blood while we sleep. They are attracted to the warmth and carbon dioxide we emit, allowing them to locate their next meal. These pests have a remarkable ability to survive without feeding for months, making them challenging to eradicate once an infestation occurs.
3. Common Signs of Infestation:
Detecting a bedbug infestation requires careful observation. Look out for these signs:
- Reddish stains or spots on the sheets, pillowcases, or mattress caused by bedbugs being crushed or their droppings.
- Small, itchy bites appearing in clusters or a line formation on exposed skin.
- Fecal traces that resemble tiny dark spots on bedding or furniture.
- A musty odor, often described as a combination of coriander and rotten raspberries, emitted by bedbugs' scent glands.
4. Prevention Tips:
Prevention is key when it comes to avoiding bedbug infestations. Here are some handy tips:
- Inspect hotel rooms or accommodations for signs of bedbugs before settling in.
- Avoid buying used furniture or thoroughly inspect it before bringing it into your home.
- Use protective covers on mattresses and pillows, making it difficult for bedbugs to penetrate.
- Vacuum regularly, paying extra attention to potential hiding spots such as seams, edges, and cracks.
- Reduce clutter and maintain cleanliness within your living space to minimize hiding spots.
5. Eradication Strategies:
If you find yourself dealing with a bedbug infestation, it's essential to take prompt action. While professional pest control services are often necessary, some steps can be taken to help mitigate the issue:
- Isolate affected items in plastic bags, and wash and dry them on high heat.
- Vacuum thoroughly, ensuring to dispose of the bag outside afterwards.
- Apply a residual insecticide to cracks, crevices, and other potential hiding spots. Be sure to follow all instructions and precautions.
6. Mental and Emotional Impacts:
Living with bedbugs can take a toll on one's mental well-being. The stress of constant itching and the fear of infesting others can be emotionally draining. It is essential to seek support from friends, family, or professionals if the psychological impact becomes overwhelming.
Conclusion:
While bedbug infestations are undoubtedly unpleasant, knowing more about their habits and potential preventive measures can help you tackle them effectively. By staying vigilant, practicing good hygiene, and following the tips mentioned, you can reduce the chances of these nocturnal pests turning your nights into a nightmare. Remember, early detection and intervention are crucial in managing and eradicating bedbug infestations.
The Apple Scab Resistant Trees
A Perfect Fit for Indiana's Orchards
Indiana, with its diverse climate and rich agricultural heritage, is an ideal region for apple cultivation. However, one challenge that apple growers in the state face is apple scab, a fungal disease that can severely impact fruit production. To combat this problem, many orchard owners are turning to apple scab resistant tree varieties, which show great promise in achieving healthy and resilient apple crops. In this blog, we explore the benefits of cultivating apple scab resistant trees in Indiana and how they can contribute to the thriving apple industry in the state.
Understanding Apple Scab:
Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, is one of the most prevalent and destructive diseases affecting apple trees. It primarily manifests as black or brown scaly lesions on leaves, fruits, and twigs, reducing the aesthetic appeal and market value of the fruit. In severe cases, it can lead to defoliation, reduced tree vigor, and smaller fruit size. Fortunately, through advancements in breeding and genetic selection, apple scab resistant varieties have been developed, offering an effective solution to combat this troublesome disease.
Advantages of Apple Scab Resistant Trees:
1. Disease Resistance: Apple scab resistant trees possess the inherent ability to resist Venturia inaequalis infection, reducing the need for chemical fungicides. This translates to lower costs and a healthier environment.
2. Reduced Maintenance: Traditional apple varieties require diligent spraying with fungicides for effective scab control. However, with resistant trees, growers can significantly reduce the frequency and intensity of spraying fungicides, saving both time and effort.
3. Enhanced Fruit Quality: By planting apple scab resistant trees, orchard owners can ensure that their apples are of consistently high quality. The fruits are less prone to scab lesions, resulting in improved appearance and marketability.
Recommended Apple Scab Resistant Varieties for Indiana:
In recent years, several apple scab resistant varieties have gained popularity among Indiana apple growers. Some of the recommended varieties include:
1. Liberty: Known for its excellent disease resistance, Liberty apples offer high-quality fruit with a crisp texture, good storage capabilities, and a sweet-tart flavor. It is a popular choice for both fresh consumption and processing.
2. Freedom: Similar to Liberty, Freedom varieties display outstanding scab resistance, ensuring a blemish-free fruit. These apples are medium-sized, with a juicy texture and a crisp, sweet taste.
3. Enterprise: Enterprise apples are known for their strong scab resistance and adaptability to a wide range of growing conditions. They have a tart flavor, firm texture, and good storage qualities.
Conclusion:
The cultivation of apple scab resistant trees has transformed apple production in Indiana, offering a sustainable and efficient solution to combat apple scab disease. By choosing resistant varieties, orchard owners can substantially reduce their dependency on chemical fungicides, save on maintenance costs, and consistently produce high-quality, marketable fruit. Embracing these advancements in apple breeding not only benefits the growers but also contributes to a thriving apple industry in Indiana.
Buzzing Menace
A Closer Look at Stinging Insects
Stinging insects can often evoke feelings of fear, annoyance, and discomfort. From bees and wasps to hornets and yellow jackets, these buzzing creatures have left an indelible mark on our collective consciousness. While we may instinctively want to avoid them, it's worth taking a closer look at these interesting insects and understanding their role in our ecosystem.
The World of Stinging Insects:
Stinging insects encompass a variety of species, each with unique characteristics and behaviors. Bees, for instance, are well-known for their role as pollinators, aiding in the reproduction of countless plant species. Wasps, on the other hand, are predatory insects that play a vital role in controlling populations of other insects.
The Sting:
One of the defining features of stinging insects is, as the name suggests, their ability to sting. The sting itself is a highly evolved defense mechanism that these insects employ when they feel threatened. While bees generally lose their stingers and die after stinging due to the barbed nature of their stingers, wasps and hornets can sting multiple times without losing their stinging apparatus.
Beneficial Aspects of Stinging Insects:
Contrary to popular belief, stinging insects play an essential role in our ecosystem and offer numerous benefits. Here are a few notable ones:
1. Pollination: Bees, with their fuzzy bodies, are excellent pollinators. They help disperse pollen from flower to flower, enabling cross-pollination and contributing to the reproduction of various plant species, including those crucial for our food supply.
2. Natural Pest Control: Wasps and hornets, though often feared, serve as natural pest controllers. They prey on insects such as flies, spiders, and caterpillars, helping maintain ecological balance by controlling their populations.
3. Honey Production: Bees produce honey, a delicious and nutrient-rich food source for both humans and other animals. Their intricate process of collecting nectar and converting it into honey remains fascinating and essential to the health and stability of their colonies.
Preventing and Dealing with Stinging Insects:
While stinging insects contribute to our ecosystem, encountering them can still be unpleasant, especially if you have an allergy to their stings. Here are a few precautions and tips to avoid unwanted painful encounters:
1. Stay calm: If a stinging insect is near you, remain calm and still. Sudden movements can provoke them and increase the chances of getting stung.
2. Wear protective clothing: When spending time outdoors, particularly in areas known for stinging insects, don protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts and pants. Adding a hat and gloves can further reduce the chances of getting stung.
3. Avoid fragrances and bright colors: Stinging insects are attracted to fragrances, especially sweet ones, so it's advisable to avoid using scented products when spending time outside. Similarly, wearing neutral or light-colored clothing can help reduce their attraction to you.
4. Seek professional help: If you have a persistent problem with stinging insects around your property, it is best to contact a professional pest control service that can safely remove nests and mitigate the risk.
Conclusion:
Stinging insects may strike fear in many of us, but it is vital to acknowledge their significance in our ecosystem. By understanding their behavior, appreciating their role as pollinators and natural pest controllers, we can coexist with these buzzing creatures more harmoniously. Taking precautions and seeking professional help when necessary can ensure a safer and more enjoyable experience when spending time outdoors.
Unveiling the Spotted Lanternfly
A Rising Threat to Ecosystems and Agriculture
In recent years, a new invasive species has been making headlines across the United States, particularly in the northeastern states – the spotted lanternfly. This striking insect poses a significant threat not only to several agricultural sectors but also to local ecosystems. As we delve into the world of the spotted lanternfly, let's understand its origins, impact, and the urgent need for our active participation in countering this invasive pest.
1. The Origins of the Spotted Lanternfly:
Believed to be native to China, Vietnam, and Bangladesh, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is an insect species belonging to the Fulgoridae family. It was first reported in the United States in 2014, specifically in Pennsylvania. Since then, it has spread to several neighboring states, including New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia.
2. Description and Lifecycle:
The spotted lanternfly is a visually striking insect, featuring bright red wings with black spots and distinctive black and white abdomen markings. In their nymph stage, they appear black with multiple white spots.
The insect undergoes a lifecycle that begins with egg masses laid on various surfaces, such as trees, vehicles, outdoor furniture, or stones. When the nymphs hatch, they feed voraciously on their preferred host, ailing numerous plants, trees, and crops. Adults can abruptly appear in large numbers, creating substantial challenges for farmers and the environment alike.
3. Agricultural and Economic Impact:
The spotted lanternfly poses a significant threat to various agricultural sectors, including orchards, vineyards, nurseries, and forests. This invasive insect has a diverse range of host plants, making it a potential threat to over 70 plant species, including economically vital crops like grapevines, fruit trees, and hardwood trees. Infestations can lead to severe damage, including reduced yield and quality of produce, decline in plant health, and even plant death.
The economic impact is far-reaching, affecting both farmers' livelihoods and local economies. The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) estimated a potential economic loss of billions of dollars if the infestation continues to spread unchecked. It is a rallying call for urgent preventive measures and effective management.
4. Environmental Impact:
Beyond its impact on agriculture, the spotted lanternfly is causing significant harm to local ecosystems. Various types of trees, such as maple, walnut, oak, and willow, are vulnerable to infestations. This may disrupt the natural balance and lead to a decline in bird populations that rely on these trees for food and shelter. Furthermore, the loss of trees can result in increased erosion, habitat fragmentation, and reduced water quality.
5. Combating the Spotted Lanternfly:
Efforts to control and limit the spread of the spotted lanternfly are underway at various levels. Authorities have implemented quarantine zones to restrict the movement of infested materials. These measures aim to prevent the accidental transportation of the insect to new areas and create awareness among the public about proper inspection and disposal methods.
Additionally, researchers are studying the insect's lifecycle and behavior to develop targeted management strategies. These include the use of insecticides, traps, tree banding, and the development of biological control methods using predatory insects or fungi.
Conclusion:
The spotted lanternfly is an alarming invasive species that demands our attention and collective efforts to combat its spread and minimize its devastating impact. A threat to both the agricultural industry and natural ecosystems, proactive measures such as public education, effective management strategies, and regulatory efforts must be prioritized. By working together, we can protect our environment, preserve biodiversity, and safeguard the future of agriculture for generations to come.
Tree Planting
The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The second best time is today.
It is common for planting procedures to be completed as follows: dig a hole, drop in plant, backfill, and water. Unfortunately, a little more should go into this is, if the goal is longevity in the health of a tree. Let’s go over the steps:
1. The first step is actually two things. Site selection and proper plant selection. These two things go hand in hand as they often effect each other, and decisions may change based on these factors. Often one of these two will take precedent over the other. For example, if a certain tree is desired, the site location may need to be adjusted to make it feasible. If a certain location (an example is if privacy is a reason for the plant) is the main factor the plant selection should be adjusted to fit the location.
A. If location is the primary concern: How much sunlight is available, for how long during the day? What are the soil conditions; clay, sand, loam? What are the drainage conditions of the site (for example, does it stay saturated in spring and dry all summer)? If someone wants to get even more technical this is the time for soil testing to determine pH and nutrient levels. It should be evaluated at this point which of these conditions are alterable, if they are and it is feasible it will make plant selection far easier.
B. If plant selection is the determining factor the site location can be changed to make it optimal for the plant. Check the plant for the conditions it requires: the amount of sunlight, the frequency and volume of water, and drainage requirements. Once this is determined, a location on the property can be selected that most closely resembles the requirements. If no location can be found, site preparation must begin, which is step 2.
2. Site preparation. One of the most important parts of this step is preparing the site for drainage requirements. Plant roots need certain conditions to thrive and ward off disease. A common disease in plants is crown rot. It is caused by fungi that exist in the soil, but doesn’t do much until the conditions are right. When soil stays saturated for long periods at the base of a plant the fungi thrives. To combat this, we want to insure that drainage is provided away from the base of the plant. To achieve this, pitch and soil type should be accounted for. When preparing a site with very poorly drain soil, it is important to excavate much larger than the root ball in diameter. I often will recommend 3-4 times the diameter, and replace this soil with a higher quality soil. When looking for soil, top soil is not all the same. We are looking for a high quality loam, which incorporates sand, clay, silt, and organics. The hole should only be so deep that the root ball rests on the bottom of the hole, with the crown of the tree should be slightly above ground level, so that after settling occurs it is level to the ground and not below ground level.
3. Installing the tree. Care should be taken to not injure the root ball. Although, it seems pretty tough and indestructible, roots are easily damaged by dropping them into the planting hole. This damage is often visible as dieback on the top of the tree after some time has passed. All burlap should be removed, and as much of the wire on the root ball should be removed as possible, especially wire around the crown of the tree. This will girdle the tree over time and lead to failure. If adjustments need to be made so the height of the crown is at or just above (1 to 2 inches) above grade, use clay underneath the root ball and compact. This will reduce settling and give the tree support.
4. Back fill around the root ball with the high quality loam. This will allow proper drainage while allowing proper water retention and penetration, without holding too much water which will suffocate the roots (yes roots need air). A soil additive containing mycorrhizae, which is a beneficial fungus that works with the root system is a great idea here. In addition, a low nitrogen, high phosphorus fertilizer will help the tree develop its root system.
5. Water. Water deeply and infrequently. 2 to 3 times a week is sufficient. If unsure, check the soil and be sure it dries out between waterings. Deep watering helps develop the root system. While infrequent watering, reduces the risk of root suffocation, as well as root rot and crown rot.
6. Follow up with fertilizer the following year. The Green Advantage utilizes a root zone fertilizer technique. It pumps the fertilizer into the ground into the root area of the tree. This is a 12 month, slow and steady release fertilizer that feeds the trees through the season. Our proprietary blend incorporates mycorrhizae, slow release nitrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, micronutrients, as well as a pH adjustment that makes micronutrients in the ground usable to the trees. Using this method also aerates the root zone of the tree, allowing for oxygen transfer and further root development. The fertilizer binds to the soil, which eliminates leaching issues that are common with granular surface applied fertilizer. It also makes for a far more readily available fertilizer unlike tree spikes.
7. Monitor the tree for signs of disease, and follow up as necessary.
If you need advice or would like a consultation, give us a call; our ISA Certified Arborists are here to help!!
Tree diseases…and solutions
More than just sick!!
First lets address what a disease is. Disease is anything that negatively effects a plants health and vigor. Yes, this does include abiotic like incorrect watering and not enough sunlight, as well as biotic; insect infestations and fungal infections.
Abiotic disease is anything caused by non-living components. Soil, water, sunlight, many nutrient deficiencies fall in this category. Abiotic problems can occur suddenly, but more often show over time. They cause stress in plants, and leave them very susceptible to biotic disease. Reducing stressors causing abiotic disease is pertinent to the health of a plant. Abiotic disease is far more frequent in landscape and gardening than biotic disease. For this reason, many of the treatments involve root zone fertilizers, advice on pruning, watering, and correcting drainage. Two of the most overlooked abiotic factors (in my opinion) are planting preparation and maintenance (we discus this in other posts).
Biotic disease is caused by living components; bacteria, fungi, nematodes, parasitic plants, and viruses. Treatment involves the correct diagnosis of what is infecting the plant, so treatment can be determined. Most biotic diseases are treatable. Some require ongoing treatment as the infection either can only be suppressed or susceptibility to reinfection is very high. It must be determined the chances of recovery from infection. It is not uncommon for treatment to be declined as the plant has already surpassed chances of recovery. Fortunately, there is knowledge on what plants are susceptible to certain infections and preventative measures can be taken to avoid infection or at least avoid the negative effects of infection (mainly demise). A good example is apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), a fungal disease that attacks apples and crabapples and Rhizosphaera needlecast in spruces. Both these diseases are so common to their host, that treatments should begin before symptoms. This avoids the unsightly consequences that occur and drastically reduces the stress that is put on the trees.
These things can be confusing and complicated. That is why we created Tree Technology by The Green Advantage. We are your source for information and experience in dealing with these issues. If you have any questions, concerns, or would like an evaluation by an arborist, don't hesitate, give us a call!!
Oak Wilt – Why is it spreading?
The spread is increasing velocity, here is why.
As this terrible tree disease spreads it seems to move faster and faster into new areas. There are a few factors that are causing this.
1. The main reason most don't know that this disease even exists or if they do they don't realize it is in our area. There are very few spreading the word about what is causing the demise of trees due to disease, and even less that have solutions to help mitigate the problem.
2. Misinformation is another reason the spread picks up speed. A few of the misperceptions that are out there are that white oaks are not susceptible to oak wilt, this is not true. Although the infection takes a different route than in other species it is a major problem among this group of trees. Another, is that the disease only spreads to nearby trees through root grafts, so if trees are not close together they are not at risk. This ignores the fact that the nitidulid beetle carries the fungal spores farther distances to trees that are not in close proximity for root grafts. A common misnomer is that an infected tree was removed so other nearby trees are not at risk. Even after removal, oak wilt is still present in the stump, infected branches (unless disposed of properly), and in the roots (which may be grafted). In addition, the chances for reintroduction of spores is extremely high, especially in an area where oak wilt infection has already occurred.
3. Misdiagnosis is an interesting reason for not treating. This is peculiar as diagnosis is not necessary for preventative measures. I have seen where tree owners decline to treat because symptoms may be caused by other factors. Although it is true that the symptoms can be similar to other underlying conditions, the best is to treat before oak wilt infection occurs. Sending out samples for testing is not very practical as the conditions that need to be met to keep a culture testable are very stringent. When the culture is not kept at a certain temp or is kept for too long before testing, false negatives are often the result. It is just as important to address other causes which can be affecting the health of the tree.
4. We do not take precautionary measures. Pruning oak trees during the growing season is a major cause for spread. Open wounds provide a pathway with very little resistance for the sap feeding beetles (nitidulid beetles), as well as attracting them with fresh sap. Properly discarding of cut wood, especially from infected trees is another issue. The fungal infection remains in cut stumps and branches for some time after the tree is cut down, between 2 and 5 years. During this time nitidulid beetles can pick up the spores and continue the spread. It is impractical in the Midwest to pause or slow down pruning activity in the growing season, as the dormant period (winter) is not friendly to this type of work. For this reason, treatment and prevention are extremely important if removal is not desired.