What is the Tree of Heaven?

The tree of heaven, known scientifically as Ailanthus altissima, is a deciduous tree that belongs to the Simaroubaceae family. It is also commonly referred to as the Chinese sumac, stink tree, or paradise tree. Here are some key characteristics and information about this species:

1. Origin and Distribution: The tree of heaven is native to China and northern Taiwan. However, it has been introduced to many other regions around the world, including North America, Europe, and Australia.

2. Size and Growth Habits: This tree can grow to be quite large, reaching heights of 40 to 80 feet (12 to 24 meters) tall. It has a spreading, open crown with a diameter of 30 to 50 feet (9 to 15 meters). The trunk is usually thick and rough, with gray-brown bark.

3. Leaves: The leaves of the tree of heaven are large, compound, and pinnate, measuring around 1 to 4 feet (30 to 120 cm) long. Each leaf is composed of 10 to 41 leaflets, arranged oppositely along a central stalk. The leaflets are lance-shaped with serrated edges and have a characteristic foul odor when crushed.

4. Flowers: In early summer, the tree of heaven produces small, yellowish-green flowers in panicles that can grow up to 2 feet (60 cm) long. The flowers are not particularly showy and have a distinct scent that is often compared to the stench of rotten peanuts or burnt rubber.

5. Fruits and Seeds: The female trees bear clusters of samaras, which are papery winged fruits that resemble keys or helicopters in shape. Each samara contains one seed and they are dispersed by the wind.

6. Growth Rate and Invasiveness: The tree of heaven is well-known for its rapid growth rate, making it a successful colonizer in various environments. It has a resilient nature and can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions, air pollution, and even drought. These traits, along with the ability to produce a large number of seeds, contribute to its aggressive invasiveness and potential to outcompete native plant species.

7. Cultural Uses: In some cultures, the tree of heaven has historical significance and has been used for various purposes. For instance, parts of the plant have been used in traditional Chinese medicine, while extracts from the bark and roots have been used for dyeing and tanning processes.

Despite its positive aspects, the tree of heaven is often considered invasive and unwanted, particularly in areas where it has been introduced outside its native range. Its ability to rapidly colonize disturbed areas and outcompete native species has led to it being classified as an invasive species in several countries.